Source code for pennylane.drawer.mpldrawer
# Copyright 2018-2021 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""
This module contains the MPLDrawer class for creating circuit diagrams with matplotlib
"""
from collections.abc import Iterable
import warnings
from typing import Sequence
has_mpl = True
try:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import patches
import matplotlib.patheffects as path_effects
except (ModuleNotFoundError, ImportError) as e: # pragma: no cover
has_mpl = False
def _to_tuple(a):
"""Converts int or iterable to tuple"""
if a is None:
return tuple()
if isinstance(a, Iterable):
return tuple(a)
return (a,)
def _open_circ_options_process(options):
"""For use in both ``_ctrlo_circ`` and ``_target_x``."""
if options is None:
options = {}
new_options = options.copy()
if "color" in new_options:
new_options["facecolor"] = plt.rcParams["axes.facecolor"]
new_options["edgecolor"] = options["color"]
new_options["color"] = None
else:
new_options["edgecolor"] = plt.rcParams["lines.color"]
new_options["facecolor"] = plt.rcParams["axes.facecolor"]
if "linewidth" not in new_options:
new_options["linewidth"] = plt.rcParams["lines.linewidth"]
if "zorder" not in new_options:
new_options["zorder"] = 3
return new_options
# pylint: disable=too-many-instance-attributes, too-many-arguments
[docs]class MPLDrawer:
r"""Allows easy creation of graphics representing circuits with matplotlib
Args:
n_layers (int): the number of layers
n_wires (int): the number of wires
Keyword Args:
c_wires=0 (int): the number of classical wires to leave space for.
wire_options=None (dict): matplotlib configuration options for drawing the wire lines
figsize=None (Iterable): Allows users to specify the size of the figure manually. Defaults
to scale with the size of the circuit via ``n_layers`` and ``n_wires``.
fig=None (matplotlib Figure): Allows users to specify the figure window to plot to.
**Example**
.. code-block:: python
drawer = qml.drawer.MPLDrawer(n_wires=5, n_layers=6)
drawer.label(["0", "a", r"$|\Psi\rangle$", r"$|\theta\rangle$", "aux"])
drawer.box_gate(layer=0, wires=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4], text="Entangling Layers")
drawer.box_gate(layer=1, wires=[0, 2, 3], text="U(θ)")
drawer.box_gate(layer=1, wires=4, text="Z")
drawer.SWAP(layer=2, wires=(3,4))
drawer.CNOT(layer=2, wires=(0, 2))
drawer.ctrl(layer=3, wires=[1, 3], control_values=[True, False])
drawer.box_gate(
layer=3, wires=2, text="H", box_options={"zorder": 4}, text_options={"zorder": 5}
)
drawer.ctrl(layer=4, wires=[1, 2])
drawer.measure(layer=5, wires=0)
drawer.fig.suptitle('My Circuit', fontsize='xx-large')
.. figure:: ../../_static/drawer/example_basic.png
:align: center
:width: 60%
:target: javascript:void(0);
.. details::
:title: Usage Details
**Matplotlib Integration**
This class relies on matplotlib. As such, users can extend this class via interacting with the figure
``drawer.fig`` and axes ``drawer.ax`` objects manually. For instance, the example circuit manipulates the
figure to set a title using ``drawer.fig.suptitle``. Users can save the image using ``plt.savefig`` or via
the figure method ``drawer.fig.savefig``.
As described in the next section, the figure supports both global styling and individual styling of
elements with matplotlib styles, configuration, and keywords.
**Formatting**
PennyLane has inbuilt styles for controlling the appearance of the circuit drawings.
All available styles can be determined by evaluating ``qml.drawer.available_styles()``.
Any available string can then be passed to ``qml.drawer.use_style``.
.. code-block:: python
qml.drawer.use_style('black_white')
.. figure:: ../../_static/drawer/black_white_style.png
:align: center
:width: 60%
:target: javascript:void(0);
You can also control the appearance with matplotlib's provided tools, see the
`matplotlib docs <https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/introductory/customizing.html>`_ .
For example, we can customize ``plt.rcParams``:
.. code-block:: python
plt.rcParams['patch.facecolor'] = 'mistyrose'
plt.rcParams['patch.edgecolor'] = 'maroon'
plt.rcParams['text.color'] = 'maroon'
plt.rcParams['font.weight'] = 'bold'
plt.rcParams['patch.linewidth'] = 4
plt.rcParams['patch.force_edgecolor'] = True
plt.rcParams['lines.color'] = 'indigo'
plt.rcParams['lines.linewidth'] = 5
plt.rcParams['figure.facecolor'] = 'ghostwhite'
.. figure:: ../../_static/drawer/example_rcParams.png
:align: center
:width: 60%
:target: javascript:void(0);
You can also manually control the styles of individual plot elements via the drawer class.
All accept dictionaries of keyword-values pairs for matplotlib object
components. Acceptable keywords differ based on what's being drawn. For example, you cannot pass ``"fontsize"``
to the dictionary controlling how to format a rectangle. For the control-type gates ``CNOT`` and
``ctrl`` the options dictionary can only contain ``'linewidth'``, ``'color'``, or ``'zorder'`` keys.
This example demonstrates the different ways you can format the individual elements:
.. code-block:: python
wire_options = {"color": "indigo", "linewidth": 4}
drawer = MPLDrawer(n_wires=2, n_layers=4, wire_options=wire_options)
label_options = {"fontsize": "x-large", 'color': 'indigo'}
drawer.label(["0", "a"], text_options=label_options)
box_options = {'facecolor': 'lightcoral', 'edgecolor': 'maroon', 'linewidth': 5}
text_options = {'fontsize': 'xx-large', 'color': 'maroon'}
drawer.box_gate(layer=0, wires=0, text="Z", box_options=box_options, text_options=text_options)
swap_options = {'linewidth': 4, 'color': 'darkgreen'}
drawer.SWAP(layer=1, wires=(0, 1), options=swap_options)
ctrl_options = {'linewidth': 4, 'color': 'teal'}
drawer.CNOT(layer=2, wires=(0, 1), options=ctrl_options)
drawer.ctrl(layer=3, wires=(0, 1), options=ctrl_options)
measure_box = {'facecolor': 'white', 'edgecolor': 'indigo'}
measure_lines = {'edgecolor': 'indigo', 'facecolor': 'plum', 'linewidth': 2}
for wire in range(2):
drawer.measure(layer=4, wires=wire, box_options=measure_box, lines_options=measure_lines)
drawer.fig.suptitle('My Circuit', fontsize='xx-large')
.. figure:: ../../_static/drawer/example_formatted.png
:align: center
:width: 60%
:target: javascript:void(0);
**Positioning**
Each gate takes arguments in order of ``layer`` followed by ``wires``. These translate to ``x`` and
``y`` coordinates in the graph. Layer number (``x``) increases as you go right, and wire number
(``y``) increases as you go down; the y-axis is inverted. You can pass non-integer values to either keyword.
If you have a long label, the gate can span multiple layers and have extra width:
.. code-block:: python
drawer = MPLDrawer(2, 2)
drawer.box_gate(layer=0, wires=1, text="X")
drawer.box_gate(layer=1, wires=1, text="Y")
# Gate between two layers
drawer.box_gate(layer=0.5, wires=0, text="Big Gate", extra_width=0.5)
.. figure:: ../../_static/drawer/float_layer.png
:align: center
:width: 60%
:target: javascript:void(0);
"""
_box_length = 0.75
"""The width/height of the rectangle drawn by ``box_gate``"""
_circ_rad = 0.3
"""The radius of CNOT's target symbol."""
_ctrl_rad = 0.1
"""The radius of the control-on-one solid circle."""
_octrl_rad = 0.1
"""The radius of the control-on-zero open circle."""
_swap_dx = 0.2
"""Half the width/height of the SWAP X-symbol."""
_fontsize = 14
"""The default fontsize."""
_pad = 0.2
"""Padding for FancyBboxPatch objects."""
_boxstyle = "round, pad=0.2"
"""Style for FancyBboxPatch objects."""
_notch_width = 0.04
"""The width of active wire notches."""
_notch_height = 0.25
"""The height of active wire notches."""
_notch_style = "round, pad=0.05"
"""Box style for active wire notches."""
_cond_shift = 0.03
"""The shift value from the centre axis for classical double-lines."""
_cwire_scaling = 0.25
"""The distance between successive control wires."""
def __init__(self, n_layers, n_wires, c_wires=0, wire_options=None, figsize=None, fig=None):
if not has_mpl: # pragma: no cover
raise ImportError(
"Module matplotlib is required for ``MPLDrawer`` class. "
"You can install matplotlib via \n\n pip install matplotlib"
)
self.n_layers = n_layers
self.n_wires = n_wires
## Creating figure and ax
if figsize is None:
figheight = self.n_wires + self._cwire_scaling * c_wires + 1 + 0.5 * (c_wires > 0)
figsize = (self.n_layers + 3, figheight)
if fig is None:
self._fig = plt.figure(figsize=figsize)
else:
fig.clear()
fig.set_figwidth(figsize[0])
fig.set_figheight(figsize[1])
self._fig = fig
self._ax = self._fig.add_axes(
[0, 0, 1, 1],
xlim=(-2, self.n_layers + 1),
ylim=(-1, self.n_wires + self._cwire_scaling * c_wires + 0.5 * (c_wires > 0)),
xticks=[],
yticks=[],
)
self._ax.axis("off")
self._ax.invert_yaxis()
if wire_options is None:
wire_options = {}
# adding wire lines
self._wire_lines = [
plt.Line2D((-1, self.n_layers), (wire, wire), zorder=1, **wire_options)
for wire in range(self.n_wires)
]
for line in self._wire_lines:
self._ax.add_line(line)
@property
def fig(self):
"""Matplotlib figure"""
return self._fig
@property
def ax(self):
"""Matplotlib axes"""
return self._ax
@property
def fontsize(self):
"""Default fontsize for text. Defaults to 14."""
return self._fontsize
@fontsize.setter
def fontsize(self, value):
"""Set ``fontsize`` property as provided value."""
self._fontsize = value
[docs] def label(self, labels, text_options=None):
"""Label each wire.
Args:
labels (Iterable[str]): Iterable of labels for the wires
Keyword Args:
text_options (dict): any matplotlib keywords for a text object, such as font or size
**Example**
.. code-block:: python
drawer = MPLDrawer(n_wires=2, n_layers=1)
drawer.label(["a", "b"])
.. figure:: ../../_static/drawer/labels.png
:align: center
:width: 60%
:target: javascript:void(0);
You can also pass any
`Matplotlib Text keywords <https://matplotlib.org/stable/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.axes.Axes.text.html>`_
as a dictionary to the ``text_options`` keyword:
.. code-block:: python
drawer = MPLDrawer(n_wires=2, n_layers=1)
drawer.label(["a", "b"], text_options={"color": "indigo", "fontsize": "xx-large"})
.. figure:: ../../_static/drawer/labels_formatted.png
:align: center
:width: 60%
:target: javascript:void(0);
"""
if text_options is None:
text_options = {"ha": "center", "va": "center", "fontsize": self.fontsize}
for wire, ii_label in enumerate(labels):
self._ax.text(-1.5, wire, ii_label, **text_options)
[docs] def erase_wire(self, layer: int, wire: int, length: int) -> None:
"""Erases a portion of a wire by adding a rectangle that matches the background.
Args:
layer (int): starting x coordinate for erasing the wire
wire (int): y location to erase the wire from
length (float, int): horizontal distance from ``layer`` to erase the background.
"""
rect = patches.Rectangle(
(layer, wire - 0.1),
length,
0.2,
facecolor=plt.rcParams["figure.facecolor"],
edgecolor=plt.rcParams["figure.facecolor"],
zorder=1.1,
)
self.ax.add_patch(rect)
[docs] def box_gate(self, layer, wires, text="", box_options=None, text_options=None, **kwargs):
"""Draws a box and adds label text to its center.
Args:
layer (int): x coordinate for the box center
wires (Union[int, Iterable[int]]): y locations to include inside the box. Only min and max
of an Iterable affect the output
text (str): string to print at the box's center
Keyword Args:
box_options=None (dict): any matplotlib keywords for the ``plt.Rectangle`` patch
text_options=None (dict): any matplotlib keywords for the text
extra_width (float): extra box width
autosize (bool): whether to rotate and shrink text to fit within the box
active_wire_notches (bool): whether or not to add notches indicating active wires.
Defaults to ``True``.
**Example**
.. code-block:: python
drawer = MPLDrawer(n_wires=2, n_layers=1)
drawer.box_gate(layer=0, wires=(0, 1), text="CY")
.. figure:: ../../_static/drawer/box_gates.png
:align: center
:width: 60%
:target: javascript:void(0);
.. details::
:title: Usage Details
This method can accept two different sets of design keywords. ``box_options`` takes
`Rectangle keywords <https://matplotlib.org/stable/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.patches.Rectangle.html>`_
, and ``text_options`` accepts
`Matplotlib Text keywords <https://matplotlib.org/stable/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.axes.Axes.text.html>`_ .
.. code-block:: python
box_options = {'facecolor': 'lightcoral', 'edgecolor': 'maroon', 'linewidth': 5}
text_options = {'fontsize': 'xx-large', 'color': 'maroon'}
drawer = MPLDrawer(n_wires=2, n_layers=1)
drawer.box_gate(layer=0, wires=(0, 1), text="CY",
box_options=box_options, text_options=text_options)
.. figure:: ../../_static/drawer/box_gates_formatted.png
:align: center
:width: 60%
:target: javascript:void(0);
By default, text is rotated and/or shrunk to fit within the box. This behavior can be turned off
with the ``autosize=False`` keyword.
.. code-block:: python
drawer = MPLDrawer(n_layers=4, n_wires=2)
drawer.box_gate(layer=0, wires=0, text="A longer label")
drawer.box_gate(layer=0, wires=1, text="Label")
drawer.box_gate(layer=1, wires=(0,1), text="long multigate label")
drawer.box_gate(layer=3, wires=(0,1), text="Not autosized label", autosize=False)
.. figure:: ../../_static/drawer/box_gates_autosized.png
:align: center
:width: 60%
:target: javascript:void(0);
"""
extra_width = kwargs.get("extra_width", 0)
autosize = kwargs.get("autosize", True)
active_wire_notches = kwargs.get("active_wire_notches", True)
if box_options is None:
box_options = {}
if "zorder" not in box_options:
box_options["zorder"] = 2
new_text_options = {"zorder": 3, "ha": "center", "va": "center", "fontsize": self.fontsize}
if text_options is not None:
new_text_options.update(text_options)
wires = _to_tuple(wires)
box_min = min(wires)
box_max = max(wires)
box_center = (box_max + box_min) / 2.0
x_loc = layer - self._box_length / 2.0 - extra_width / 2.0 + self._pad
y_loc = box_min - self._box_length / 2.0 + self._pad
box_height = box_max - box_min + self._box_length - 2 * self._pad
box_width = self._box_length + extra_width - 2 * self._pad
box = patches.FancyBboxPatch(
(x_loc, y_loc),
box_width,
box_height,
boxstyle=self._boxstyle,
**box_options,
)
self._ax.add_patch(box)
text_obj = self._ax.text(
layer,
box_center,
text,
**new_text_options,
)
if active_wire_notches and (len(wires) != (box_max - box_min + 1)):
notch_options = box_options.copy()
notch_options["zorder"] += -1
for wire in wires:
self._add_notch(layer, wire, extra_width, notch_options)
if autosize:
margin = 0.1
max_width = box_width - margin + 2 * self._pad
# factor of 2 makes it look nicer
max_height = box_height - 2 * margin + 2 * self._pad
w, h = self._text_dims(text_obj)
# rotate the text
if (box_min != box_max) and (w > max_width) and (w > h):
text_obj.set_rotation(90)
w, h = self._text_dims(text_obj)
# shrink by decreasing the font size
current_fontsize = text_obj.get_fontsize()
for s in range(int(current_fontsize), 1, -1):
if (w < max_width) and (h < max_height):
break
text_obj.set_fontsize(s)
w, h = self._text_dims(text_obj)
def _add_notch(self, layer, wire, extra_width, box_options):
"""Add a wire used marker to both sides of a box.
Args:
layer (int): x coordinate for the box center
wire (int): y cordinate for the notches
extra_width (float): extra box width
box_options (dict): styling options
"""
y = wire - self._notch_height / 2
x1 = layer - self._box_length / 2.0 - extra_width / 2.0 - self._notch_width
x2 = layer + self._box_length / 2.0 + extra_width / 2.0
box1 = patches.FancyBboxPatch(
(x1, y),
self._notch_width,
self._notch_height,
boxstyle=self._notch_style,
**box_options,
)
self._ax.add_patch(box1)
box2 = patches.FancyBboxPatch(
(x2, y),
self._notch_width,
self._notch_height,
boxstyle=self._notch_style,
**box_options,
)
self._ax.add_patch(box2)
def _text_dims(self, text_obj):
"""Get width and height of text object in data coordinates.
See `this tutorial <https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/advanced/transforms_tutorial.html>`_
for details on matplotlib coordinate systems.
If the renderered figure is resized, such as in a GUI display, rectangles and lines
are resized, but text stays the same size. Text objects rely on display coordinates, that wont shrink
as the figure is modified.
Args:
text_obj (matplotlib.text.Text): the matplotlib text object
Returns:
width (float): the width of the text in data coordinates
height (float): the height of the text in data coordinates
"""
renderer = self._fig.canvas.get_renderer()
# https://matplotlib.org/stable/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.artist.Artist.get_window_extent.html
# Quote: "Be careful when using this function, the results will not update if the artist
# window extent of the artist changes. "
# But I haven't encountered any issues yet and don't see a better solution
bbox = text_obj.get_window_extent(renderer)
corners = self._ax.transData.inverted().transform(bbox)
return abs(corners[1][0] - corners[0][0]), abs(corners[0][1] - corners[1][1])
[docs] def ctrl(self, layer, wires, wires_target=None, control_values=None, options=None):
"""Add an arbitrary number of control wires
Args:
layer (int): the layer to draw the object in
wires (Union[int, Iterable[int]]): set of wires to control on
Keyword Args:
wires_target=None (Union[int, Iterable[int]]): target wires. Used to determine min
and max wires for the vertical line
control_values=None (Union[bool, Iterable[bool]]): for each control wire, denotes whether to control
on ``False=0`` or ``True=1``
options=None (dict): Matplotlib keywords. The only supported keys are ``'color'``, ``'linewidth'``,
and ``'zorder'``.
**Example**
.. code-block:: python
drawer = MPLDrawer(n_wires=2, n_layers=3)
drawer.ctrl(layer=0, wires=0, wires_target=1)
drawer.ctrl(layer=1, wires=(0, 1), control_values=[0, 1])
options = {'color': "indigo", 'linewidth': 4}
drawer.ctrl(layer=2, wires=(0, 1), control_values=[1, 0], options=options)
.. figure:: ../../_static/drawer/ctrl.png
:align: center
:width: 60%
:target: javascript:void(0);
"""
if options is None:
options = {}
wires_ctrl = _to_tuple(wires)
wires_target = _to_tuple(wires_target)
if control_values is not None:
control_values = _to_tuple(control_values)
wires_all = wires_ctrl + wires_target
min_wire = min(wires_all)
max_wire = max(wires_all)
if len(wires_target) > 1:
min_target, max_target = min(wires_target), max(wires_target)
if any(min_target < w < max_target for w in wires_ctrl):
warnings.warn(
"Some control indicators are hidden behind an operator. Consider re-ordering "
"your circuit wires to ensure all control indicators are visible.",
UserWarning,
)
line = plt.Line2D((layer, layer), (min_wire, max_wire), **options)
self._ax.add_line(line)
if control_values is None:
for wire in wires_ctrl:
self._ctrl_circ(layer, wire, options=options)
else:
if len(control_values) != len(wires_ctrl):
raise ValueError("`control_values` must be the same length as `wires`")
for wire, control_on in zip(wires_ctrl, control_values):
if control_on:
self._ctrl_circ(layer, wire, options=options)
else:
self._ctrlo_circ(layer, wire, options=options)
def _ctrl_circ(self, layer, wires, options=None):
"""Draw a solid circle that indicates control on one.
Acceptable keys in options dictionary:
* zorder
* color
* linewidth
"""
if options is None:
options = {}
if "color" not in options:
options["color"] = plt.rcParams["lines.color"]
if "zorder" not in options:
options["zorder"] = 3
circ_ctrl = plt.Circle((layer, wires), radius=self._ctrl_rad, **options)
self._ax.add_patch(circ_ctrl)
def _ctrlo_circ(self, layer, wires, options=None):
"""Draw an open circle that indicates control on zero.
Acceptable keys in options dictionary:
* zorder
* color
* linewidth
"""
new_options = _open_circ_options_process(options)
circ_ctrlo = plt.Circle((layer, wires), radius=(self._octrl_rad), **new_options)
self._ax.add_patch(circ_ctrlo)
[docs] def CNOT(self, layer, wires, control_values=None, options=None):
"""Draws a CNOT gate.
Args:
layer (int): layer to draw in
control_values=None (Union[bool, Iterable[bool]]): for each control wire, denotes whether to control
on ``False=0`` or ``True=1``
wires (Union[int, Iterable[int]]): wires to use. Last wire is the target.
Keyword Args:
options=None: Matplotlib options. The only supported keys are ``'color'``, ``'linewidth'``,
and ``'zorder'``.
**Example**
.. code-block:: python
drawer = MPLDrawer(n_wires=2, n_layers=2)
drawer.CNOT(0, (0, 1))
options = {'color': 'indigo', 'linewidth': 4}
drawer.CNOT(1, (1, 0), options=options)
.. figure:: ../../_static/drawer/cnot.png
:align: center
:width: 60%
:target: javascript:void(0);
"""
self.ctrl(layer, wires[:-1], wires[-1], control_values=control_values, options=options)
self._target_x(layer, wires[-1], options=options)
def _target_x(self, layer, wires, options=None):
"""Draws the circle used to represent a CNOT's target
Args:
layer (int): layer to draw on
wires (int): wire to draw on
Keyword Args:
options=None (dict): Matplotlib keywords. The only supported keys are ``'color'``, ``'linewidth'``,
and ``'zorder'``.
"""
if options is None:
options = {}
new_options = _open_circ_options_process(options)
options["zorder"] = new_options["zorder"] + 1
target_circ = plt.Circle((layer, wires), radius=self._circ_rad, **new_options)
target_v = plt.Line2D(
(layer, layer), (wires - self._circ_rad, wires + self._circ_rad), **options
)
target_h = plt.Line2D(
(layer - self._circ_rad, layer + self._circ_rad), (wires, wires), **options
)
self._ax.add_patch(target_circ)
self._ax.add_line(target_v)
self._ax.add_line(target_h)
[docs] def SWAP(self, layer, wires, options=None):
"""Draws a SWAP gate
Args:
layer (int): layer to draw on
wires (Tuple[int, int]): two wires the SWAP acts on
Keyword Args:
options=None (dict): matplotlib keywords for ``Line2D`` objects
**Example**
The ``options`` keyword can accept any
`Line2D compatible keywords <https://matplotlib.org/stable/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.lines.Line2D.html#matplotlib.lines.Line2D>`_
in a dictionary.
.. code-block:: python
drawer = MPLDrawer(n_wires=2, n_layers=2)
drawer.SWAP(0, (0, 1))
swap_options = {"linewidth": 2, "color": "indigo"}
drawer.SWAP(1, (0, 1), options=swap_options)
.. figure:: ../../_static/drawer/SWAP.png
:align: center
:width: 60%
:target: javascript:void(0);
"""
if options is None:
options = {}
line = plt.Line2D((layer, layer), wires, **options)
self._ax.add_line(line)
for wire in wires:
self._swap_x(layer, wire, options)
def _swap_x(self, layer, wire, options=None):
"""Draw an x such as used in drawing a swap gate
Args:
layer (int): layer to draw on
wires (int): wire to draw on
Keyword Args:
options=None (dict): matplotlib keywords for ``Line2D`` objects
"""
if options is None:
options = {}
if "zorder" not in options:
options["zorder"] = 2
l1 = plt.Line2D(
(layer - self._swap_dx, layer + self._swap_dx),
(wire - self._swap_dx, wire + self._swap_dx),
**options,
)
l2 = plt.Line2D(
(layer - self._swap_dx, layer + self._swap_dx),
(wire + self._swap_dx, wire - self._swap_dx),
**options,
)
self._ax.add_line(l1)
self._ax.add_line(l2)
[docs] def measure(self, layer, wires, text=None, box_options=None, lines_options=None):
"""Draw a Measurement graphic at designated layer, wire combination.
Args:
layer (int): layer to draw on
wires (int): wire to draw on
Keyword Args:
text=None (str): an annotation for the lower right corner.
box_options=None (dict): dictionary to format a matplotlib rectangle
lines_options=None (dict): dictionary to format matplotlib arc and arrow
**Example**
This method accepts two different formatting dictionaries. ``box_options`` edits the rectangle
while ``lines_options`` edits the arc and arrow.
.. code-block:: python
drawer = MPLDrawer(n_wires=2, n_layers=1)
drawer.measure(layer=0, wires=0)
measure_box = {'facecolor': 'white', 'edgecolor': 'indigo'}
measure_lines = {'edgecolor': 'indigo', 'facecolor': 'plum', 'linewidth': 2}
drawer.measure(layer=0, wires=1, box_options=measure_box, lines_options=measure_lines)
.. figure:: ../../_static/drawer/measure.png
:align: center
:width: 60%
:target: javascript:void(0);
"""
if box_options is None:
box_options = {}
if "zorder" not in box_options:
box_options["zorder"] = 2
if lines_options is None:
lines_options = {}
if "zorder" not in lines_options:
lines_options["zorder"] = 3
if not isinstance(wires, Sequence):
wires = (wires,)
wires = tuple(self._y(w) for w in wires)
box_min = min(wires)
box_max = max(wires)
box_center = (box_max + box_min) / 2.0
x_loc = layer - self._box_length / 2.0 + self._pad
y_loc = box_min - self._box_length / 2.0 + self._pad
box = patches.FancyBboxPatch(
(x_loc, y_loc),
self._box_length - 2 * self._pad,
box_max - box_min + self._box_length - 2 * self._pad,
boxstyle=self._boxstyle,
**box_options,
)
self._ax.add_patch(box)
arc = patches.Arc(
(layer, box_center + 0.15 * self._box_length),
0.6 * self._box_length,
0.55 * self._box_length,
theta1=180,
theta2=0,
**lines_options,
)
self._ax.add_patch(arc)
# can experiment with the specific numbers to make it look decent
arrow_start_x = layer - 0.15 * self._box_length
arrow_start_y = box_center + 0.3 * self._box_length
arrow_width = 0.3 * self._box_length
arrow_height = -0.5 * self._box_length
lines_options["zorder"] += 1
self.ax.arrow(
arrow_start_x,
arrow_start_y,
arrow_width,
arrow_height,
head_width=self._box_length / 8.0,
**lines_options,
)
if text:
self._ax.text(
layer + 0.05 * self._box_length,
box_center + 0.225,
text,
fontsize=(self.fontsize - 2),
)
def _y(self, wire):
"""Used for determining the correct y coordinate for classical wires.
Classical wires should be enumerated starting at the number of quantum wires the drawer has.
For example, if the drawer has ``3`` quantum wires, the first classical wire should be located at ``3``
which corresponds to a ``y`` coordinate of ``2.9``.
"""
if wire < self.n_wires:
return wire
return self.n_wires + self._cwire_scaling * (wire - self.n_wires)
[docs] def classical_wire(self, layers, wires) -> None:
"""Draw a classical control line.
Args:
layers: a list of x coordinates for the classical wire
wires: a list of y coordinates for the classical wire. Wire numbers
greater than the number of quantum wires will be scaled as classical wires.
"""
outer_stroke = path_effects.Stroke(
linewidth=5 * plt.rcParams["lines.linewidth"], foreground=plt.rcParams["lines.color"]
)
inner_stroke = path_effects.Stroke(
linewidth=3 * plt.rcParams["lines.linewidth"],
foreground=plt.rcParams["figure.facecolor"],
)
line = plt.Line2D(
layers, [self._y(w) for w in wires], path_effects=[outer_stroke, inner_stroke], zorder=1
)
self.ax.add_line(line)
[docs] def cwire_join(self, layer, wire, erase_right=False):
"""Erase the horizontal edges of an intersection between classical wires. By default, erases
only the left edge.
Args:
layer: the x-coordinate for the classical wire intersection
wire: the classical wire y-coordinate for the intersection
erase_right=False(bool): whether or not to erase the right side of the intersection
in addition to the left.
"""
xs = (layer - 0.2, layer + 0.2) if erase_right else (layer - 0.2, layer)
line = plt.Line2D(
xs,
(self._y(wire), self._y(wire)),
zorder=2,
color=plt.rcParams["figure.facecolor"],
linewidth=3 * plt.rcParams["lines.linewidth"], # match inner_stroke from classical_wire
)
self.ax.add_line(line)
[docs] def cond(self, layer, measured_layer, wires, wires_target, options=None):
"""Add classical communication double-lines for conditional operations
Args:
layer (int): the layer to draw vertical lines in, containing the target operation
measured_layer (int): the layer where the mid-circuit measurements are
wires (Union[int, Iterable[int]]): set of wires to control on
wires_target (Union[int, Iterable[int]]): target wires. Used to determine where to
terminate the vertical double-line
Keyword Args:
options=None (dict): Matplotlib keywords passed to ``plt.Line2D``
**Example**
.. code-block:: python
drawer = MPLDrawer(n_wires=3, n_layers=4)
drawer.cond(layer=1, measured_layer=0, wires=[0], wires_target=[1])
options = {'color': "indigo", 'linewidth': 1.5}
drawer.cond(layer=3, measured_layer=2, wires=(1,), wires_target=(2,), options=options)
.. figure:: ../../_static/drawer/cond.png
:align: center
:width: 60%
:target: javascript:void(0);
"""
if options is None:
options = {}
wires_ctrl = _to_tuple(sorted(wires))
wires_target = _to_tuple(sorted(wires_target))
start_x = measured_layer + self._box_length / 2.0
lines = []
if wires_ctrl[-1] < wires_target[0]:
lines.extend(
(
# draw from top-most measurement to double-elbow
plt.Line2D(
(start_x, layer + self._cond_shift),
(wires_ctrl[0] - self._cond_shift,) * 2,
**options,
),
plt.Line2D(
(start_x, layer - self._cond_shift),
(wires_ctrl[0] + self._cond_shift,) * 2,
**options,
),
# draw vertical lines that reach the target operation
plt.Line2D(
(layer + self._cond_shift,) * 2,
(wires_ctrl[0] - self._cond_shift, wires_target[0]),
**options,
),
plt.Line2D(
(layer - self._cond_shift,) * 2,
(wires_ctrl[-1] + self._cond_shift, wires_target[0]),
**options,
),
)
)
for prev_idx, next_wire in enumerate(wires_ctrl[1:]):
# draw ⅃ for every wire but the first one
# ‾
lines.extend(
(
plt.Line2D(
(layer - self._cond_shift,) * 2,
(wires_ctrl[prev_idx] + self._cond_shift, next_wire - self._cond_shift),
**options,
),
plt.Line2D(
(start_x, layer - self._cond_shift),
(next_wire - self._cond_shift,) * 2,
**options,
),
plt.Line2D(
(start_x, layer - self._cond_shift),
(next_wire + self._cond_shift,) * 2,
**options,
),
)
)
elif wires_target[-1] < wires_ctrl[0]:
lines.extend(
(
# draw from bottom-most measurement to double-elbow
plt.Line2D(
(start_x, layer + self._cond_shift),
(wires_ctrl[-1] + self._cond_shift,) * 2,
**options,
),
plt.Line2D(
(start_x, layer - self._cond_shift),
(wires_ctrl[-1] - self._cond_shift,) * 2,
**options,
),
# draw vertical lines that reach the target operation
plt.Line2D(
(layer + self._cond_shift,) * 2,
(wires_ctrl[-1] + self._cond_shift, wires_target[-1]),
**options,
),
plt.Line2D(
(layer - self._cond_shift,) * 2,
(wires_ctrl[0] - self._cond_shift, wires_target[-1]),
**options,
),
)
)
for wire_idx, ctrl_wire in enumerate(wires_ctrl[:-1]):
# draw _ for every wire but the first one
# ‾|
lines.extend(
(
plt.Line2D(
(layer - self._cond_shift,) * 2,
(
ctrl_wire + self._cond_shift,
wires_ctrl[wire_idx + 1] - self._cond_shift,
),
**options,
),
plt.Line2D(
(start_x, layer - self._cond_shift),
(ctrl_wire - self._cond_shift,) * 2,
**options,
),
plt.Line2D(
(start_x, layer - self._cond_shift),
(ctrl_wire + self._cond_shift,) * 2,
**options,
),
)
)
else:
raise ValueError(
"Cannot draw interspersed mid-circuit measurements and conditional operations. "
"Consider providing a wire order such that all measurement wires precede all "
"wires for the operator being controlled, or vice versa."
)
for line in lines:
self._ax.add_line(line)
_modules/pennylane/drawer/mpldrawer
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