Source code for pennylane.templates.embeddings.angle

# Copyright 2018-2021 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.

# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

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r"""
Contains the ``AngleEmbedding`` template.
"""
# pylint: disable-msg=too-many-branches,too-many-arguments,protected-access
import pennylane as qml
from pennylane.ops import RX, RY, RZ
from pennylane.operation import Operation, AnyWires

ROT = {"X": RX, "Y": RY, "Z": RZ}


[docs]class AngleEmbedding(Operation): r""" Encodes :math:`N` features into the rotation angles of :math:`n` qubits, where :math:`N \leq n`. The rotations can be chosen as either :class:`~pennylane.ops.RX`, :class:`~pennylane.ops.RY` or :class:`~pennylane.ops.RZ` gates, as defined by the ``rotation`` parameter: * ``rotation='X'`` uses the features as angles of RX rotations * ``rotation='Y'`` uses the features as angles of RY rotations * ``rotation='Z'`` uses the features as angles of RZ rotations The length of ``features`` has to be smaller or equal to the number of qubits. If there are fewer entries in ``features`` than rotations, the circuit does not apply the remaining rotation gates. Args: features (tensor_like): input tensor of shape ``(N,)``, where N is the number of input features to embed, with :math:`N\leq n` wires (Any or Iterable[Any]): wires that the template acts on rotation (str): type of rotations used id (str): custom label given to an operator instance, can be useful for some applications where the instance has to be identified. Example: Angle embedding encodes the features by using the specified rotation operation. .. code-block:: python dev = qml.device('default.qubit', wires=3) @qml.qnode(dev) def circuit(feature_vector): qml.AngleEmbedding(features=feature_vector, wires=range(3), rotation='Z') qml.Hadamard(0) return qml.probs(wires=range(3)) X = [1,2,3] Here, we have also used rotation angles :class:`RZ`. If not specified, :class:`RX` is used as default. The resulting circuit is: >>> print(qml.draw(circuit, expansion_strategy="device")(X)) 0: ──RZ(1.00)──H─┤ ╭Probs 1: ──RZ(2.00)────┤ ├Probs 2: ──RZ(3.00)────┤ ╰Probs """ num_wires = AnyWires grad_method = None def _flatten(self): hyperparameters = (("rotation", self._rotation),) return self.data, (self.wires, hyperparameters) def __repr__(self): return f"AngleEmbedding({self.data[0]}, wires={self.wires.tolist()}, rotation={self._rotation})" def __init__(self, features, wires, rotation="X", id=None): if rotation not in ROT: raise ValueError(f"Rotation option {rotation} not recognized.") shape = qml.math.shape(features)[-1:] n_features = shape[0] if n_features > len(wires): raise ValueError( f"Features must be of length {len(wires)} or less; got length {n_features}." ) self._rotation = rotation self._hyperparameters = {"rotation": ROT[rotation]} wires = wires[:n_features] super().__init__(features, wires=wires, id=id) @property def num_params(self): return 1 @property def ndim_params(self): return (1,)
[docs] @staticmethod def compute_decomposition(features, wires, rotation): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ r"""Representation of the operator as a product of other operators. .. math:: O = O_1 O_2 \dots O_n. .. seealso:: :meth:`~.AngleEmbedding.decomposition`. Args: features (tensor_like): input tensor of dimension ``(len(wires),)`` wires (Any or Iterable[Any]): wires that the operator acts on rotation (.Operator): rotation gate class Returns: list[.Operator]: decomposition of the operator **Example** >>> features = torch.tensor([1., 2.]) >>> qml.AngleEmbedding.compute_decomposition(features, wires=["a", "b"], rotation=qml.RX) [RX(tensor(1.), wires=['a']), RX(tensor(2.), wires=['b'])] """ batched = qml.math.ndim(features) > 1 # We will iterate over the first axis of `features` together with iterating over the wires. # If the leading dimension is a batch dimension, exchange the wire and batching axes. features = qml.math.T(features) if batched else features return [rotation(features[i], wires=wires[i]) for i in range(len(wires))]