Source code for pennylane.templates.subroutines.all_singles_doubles

# Copyright 2018-2021 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.

# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
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r"""
Contains the AllSinglesDoubles template.
"""
# pylint: disable-msg=too-many-branches,too-many-arguments,protected-access
import numpy as np
import pennylane as qml
from pennylane.operation import Operation, AnyWires
from pennylane.ops import BasisState


[docs]class AllSinglesDoubles(Operation): r"""Builds a quantum circuit to prepare correlated states of molecules by applying all :class:`~.pennylane.SingleExcitation` and :class:`~.pennylane.DoubleExcitation` operations to the initial Hartree-Fock state. The template initializes the :math:`n`-qubit system to encode the input Hartree-Fock state and applies the particle-conserving :class:`~.pennylane.SingleExcitation` and :class:`~.pennylane.DoubleExcitation` operations which are implemented as `Givens rotations <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givens_rotation>`_ that act on the subspace of two and four qubits, respectively. The total number of excitation gates and the indices of the qubits they act on are obtained using the :func:`~.excitations` function. For example, the quantum circuit for the case of two electrons and six qubits is sketched in the figure below: | .. figure:: ../../_static/templates/subroutines/all_singles_doubles.png :align: center :width: 70% :target: javascript:void(0); | In this case, we have four single and double excitations that preserve the total-spin projection of the Hartree-Fock state. The :class:`~.pennylane.SingleExcitation` gate :math:`G` act on the qubits ``[0, 2], [0, 4], [1, 3], [1, 5]`` as indicated by the squares, while the :class:`~.pennylane.DoubleExcitation` operation :math:`G^{(2)}` is applied to the qubits ``[0, 1, 2, 3], [0, 1, 2, 5], [0, 1, 2, 4], [0, 1, 4, 5]``. The resulting unitary conserves the number of particles and prepares the :math:`n`-qubit system in a superposition of the initial Hartree-Fock state and other states encoding multiply-excited configurations. Args: weights (tensor_like): size ``(len(singles) + len(doubles),)`` tensor containing the angles entering the :class:`~.pennylane.SingleExcitation` and :class:`~.pennylane.DoubleExcitation` operations, in that order wires (Iterable): wires that the template acts on hf_state (array[int]): Length ``len(wires)`` occupation-number vector representing the Hartree-Fock state. ``hf_state`` is used to initialize the wires. singles (Sequence[Sequence]): sequence of lists with the indices of the two qubits the :class:`~.pennylane.SingleExcitation` operations act on doubles (Sequence[Sequence]): sequence of lists with the indices of the four qubits the :class:`~.pennylane.DoubleExcitation` operations act on .. details:: :title: Usage Details Notice that: #. The number of wires has to be equal to the number of spin orbitals included in the active space. #. The single and double excitations can be generated with the function :func:`~.excitations`. See example below. An example of how to use this template is shown below: .. code-block:: python import pennylane as qml import numpy as np electrons = 2 qubits = 4 # Define the HF state hf_state = qml.qchem.hf_state(electrons, qubits) # Generate all single and double excitations singles, doubles = qml.qchem.excitations(electrons, qubits) # Define the device dev = qml.device('default.qubit', wires=qubits) wires = range(qubits) @qml.qnode(dev) def circuit(weights, hf_state, singles, doubles): qml.templates.AllSinglesDoubles(weights, wires, hf_state, singles, doubles) return qml.expval(qml.Z(0)) # Evaluate the QNode for a given set of parameters params = np.random.normal(0, np.pi, len(singles) + len(doubles)) circuit(params, hf_state, singles=singles, doubles=doubles) """ num_wires = AnyWires grad_method = None def __init__(self, weights, wires, hf_state, singles=None, doubles=None, id=None): if len(wires) < 2: raise ValueError( f"The number of qubits (wires) can not be less than 2; got len(wires) = {len(wires)}" ) if doubles is not None: for d_wires in doubles: if len(d_wires) != 4: raise ValueError( f"Expected entries of 'doubles' to be of size 4; got {d_wires} of length {len(d_wires)}" ) if singles is not None: for s_wires in singles: if len(s_wires) != 2: raise ValueError( f"Expected entries of 'singles' to be of size 2; got {s_wires} of length {len(s_wires)}" ) weights_shape = qml.math.shape(weights) exp_shape = self.shape(singles, doubles) if weights_shape != exp_shape: raise ValueError(f"'weights' tensor must be of shape {exp_shape}; got {weights_shape}.") if hf_state[0].dtype != np.dtype("int"): raise ValueError(f"Elements of 'hf_state' must be integers; got {hf_state.dtype}") singles = tuple(tuple(s) for s in singles) doubles = tuple(tuple(d) for d in doubles) self._hyperparameters = { "hf_state": tuple(hf_state), "singles": singles, "doubles": doubles, } super().__init__(weights, wires=wires, id=id) @property def num_params(self): return 1
[docs] @staticmethod def compute_decomposition( weights, wires, hf_state, singles, doubles ): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ r"""Representation of the operator as a product of other operators. .. math:: O = O_1 O_2 \dots O_n. .. seealso:: :meth:`~.AllSinglesDoubles.decomposition`. Args: weights (tensor_like): size ``(len(singles) + len(doubles),)`` tensor containing the angles entering the :class:`~.pennylane.SingleExcitation` and :class:`~.pennylane.DoubleExcitation` operations, in that order wires (Any or Iterable[Any]): wires that the operator acts on hf_state (array[int]): Length ``len(wires)`` occupation-number vector representing the Hartree-Fock state. ``hf_state`` is used to initialize the wires. singles (Sequence[Sequence]): sequence of lists with the indices of the two qubits the :class:`~.pennylane.SingleExcitation` operations act on doubles (Sequence[Sequence]): sequence of lists with the indices of the four qubits the :class:`~.pennylane.DoubleExcitation` operations act on Returns: list[.Operator]: decomposition of the operator """ op_list = [] op_list.append(BasisState(hf_state, wires=wires)) for i, d_wires in enumerate(doubles): op_list.append(qml.DoubleExcitation(weights[len(singles) + i], wires=d_wires)) for j, s_wires in enumerate(singles): op_list.append(qml.SingleExcitation(weights[j], wires=s_wires)) return op_list
[docs] @staticmethod def shape(singles, doubles): r"""Returns the expected shape of the tensor that contains the circuit parameters. Args: singles (Sequence[Sequence]): sequence of lists with the indices of the two qubits the :class:`~.pennylane.SingleExcitation` operations act on doubles (Sequence[Sequence]): sequence of lists with the indices of the four qubits the :class:`~.pennylane.DoubleExcitation` operations act on Returns: tuple(int): shape of the tensor containing the circuit parameters """ if singles is None or not singles: if doubles is None or not doubles: raise ValueError( f"'singles' and 'doubles' lists can not be both empty;" f" got singles = {singles}, doubles = {doubles}" ) if doubles is not None: shape_ = (len(doubles),) elif doubles is None: shape_ = (len(singles),) else: shape_ = (len(singles) + len(doubles),) return shape_