# qml.qchem.dipole_moment¶

dipole_moment(mol, cutoff=1e-18, core=None, active=None)[source]

Return a function that computes the qubit dipole moment observable.

The dipole operator in the second-quantized form is

$\hat{D} = -\sum_{pq} d_{pq} [\hat{c}_{p\uparrow}^\dagger \hat{c}_{q\uparrow} + \hat{c}_{p\downarrow}^\dagger \hat{c}_{q\downarrow}] - \hat{D}_\mathrm{c} + \hat{D}_\mathrm{n},$

where the matrix elements $$d_{pq}$$ are given by the integral of the position operator $$\hat{{\bf r}}$$ over molecular orbitals $$\phi$$

$d_{pq} = \int \phi_p^*(r) \hat{{\bf r}} \phi_q(r) dr,$

and $$\hat{c}^{\dagger}$$ and $$\hat{c}$$ are the creation and annihilation operators, respectively. The contribution of the core orbitals and nuclei are denoted by $$\hat{D}_\mathrm{c}$$ and $$\hat{D}_\mathrm{n}$$, respectively, which are computed as

$\hat{D}_\mathrm{c} = 2 \sum_{i=1}^{N_\mathrm{core}} d_{ii},$

and

$\hat{D}_\mathrm{n} = \sum_{i=1}^{N_\mathrm{atoms}} Z_i {\bf R}_i,$

where $$Z_i$$ and $${\bf R}_i$$ denote, respectively, the atomic number and the nuclear coordinates of the $$i$$-th atom of the molecule.

The fermonic dipole operator is then transformed to the qubit basis which gives

$\hat{D} = \sum_{j} c_j P_j,$

where $$c_j$$ is a numerical coefficient and $$P_j$$ is a ternsor product of single-qubit Pauli operators $$X, Y, Z, I$$.

Parameters
• mol (Molecule) – the molecule object

• cutoff (float) – cutoff value for discarding the negligible dipole moment integrals

• core (list[int]) – indices of the core orbitals

• active (list[int]) – indices of the active orbitals

Returns

function that computes the qubit dipole moment observable

Return type

function

Example

>>> symbols  = ['H', 'H']
>>> geometry = np.array([[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]], requires_grad = False)
>>> alpha = np.array([[3.42525091, 0.62391373, 0.1688554],
>>> mol = qml.qchem.Molecule(symbols, geometry, alpha=alpha)
>>> args = [alpha]
>>> dipole_moment(mol)(*args)[2].ops
[PauliZ(wires=[0]),
PauliY(wires=[0]) @ PauliZ(wires=[1]) @ PauliY(wires=[2]),
PauliX(wires=[0]) @ PauliZ(wires=[1]) @ PauliX(wires=[2]),
PauliZ(wires=[1]),
PauliY(wires=[1]) @ PauliZ(wires=[2]) @ PauliY(wires=[3]),
PauliX(wires=[1]) @ PauliZ(wires=[2]) @ PauliX(wires=[3]),
PauliZ(wires=[2]),
PauliZ(wires=[3])]


Using PennyLane

Development

API